Arterial hypertension

Arterial hypertension is the causes of the onset of diseases, diagnosis and treatment methods.

According to world statistics, cardiovascular disease is primarily between all causes of death.

Arterial hypertension is one of the most common diseases of the circulatory system that also affects other heart disease and blood vessels, such as coronary heart disease, chronic heart failure, bleeding and ischemic stroke.

Arterial hypertension is a lasting increase in systolic (upper) blood pressure above 140 mm Hg.Art.and/or diastolic (lower) over 90 mm hg.Art.According to recommendations from the European Society of Arterial Hypertension and the Society of Cardiologists in European Cardiologists, the criterion for arterial hypertension is accepted from 135/85 hg to measure pressure at home.Art.And above.

The main symptoms accompanying blood pressure include headaches, nausea, ears ears, palpitations, decreased visual acuity, irritability, sweating.

Blood pressure can sometimes be asymptomatic.In this case, blood pressure control is required.

Arterial hypertension varieties

Before talking about increased blood pressure (blood pressure), it should be understood that the pressure should be normal.For each person, the values of blood pressure are individual.However, there is a generally accepted classification of blood pressure.

• Optimal, where systolic blood pressure is less than 120 mm Hg.Art. And diastolic blood pressure is less than 80 mm Hg.Art. 
• Normal, where upper blood pressure values are between 120 and 129 and lower values are 80-84 mm Hg.Art.
• High normal, where the upper blood pressure values in the interval are 130-139 mm Hg.Art.and the lower part in the interval is 85-89 mm Hg.Art.

The arterial hypertension is divided according to degrees, depending on the maximum values obtained when the pressure was measured.

1 degree systolic blood pressure 140-159 hg.Art.and/or diastolic blood pressure 90-99 mm Hg.Art.

2 degree systolic blood pressure 160-179 hg.Art.and/or diastolic blood pressure 100-109 mm Hg.Art.

3 degrees of systolic blood pressure 180 and more mm Hg.Art.and/or diastolic blood pressure 110 and more mm Hg.Art.

Separate isolated arterial hypertension, when only systolic blood pressure increases as 140 mm Hg.St and diastolic remain within normal values.

Causes of increased blood pressure

It is believed that most high pressure patients suffer Primary Arterial hypertension whose development cannot be associated with concrete reasons.This is the so -called essential arterial hypertension, which is more common in age -related patients.

In other cases where the cause of a certain pressure is expelled, they mean secondary Arterial hypertension.

It is distinguished between the main reasons leading to secondary arterial hypertension:

1. Kidneys and blood vessels- These pathologies lead to a decrease in the intensity of the kidney blood flow and, as a result, lead to the release of the buds of the substances, which contribute to increasing blood pressure and compensation for the damaged kidney blood flow.Chronic kidney disease, chronic glomerulonephritis, urolithiasis - these diseases can lead to arterial hypertension.Diseases of blood vessels are most commonly observed in the narrowing of kidney arteries (stenosis), which may be a congenital pathology or occur in adulthood in the case of atherosclerosis. 

2. Different Endocrine It leads to arterial hypertension and other related symptoms.For example, thyroid hormones are increased by thyrotoxicosis, which is accompanied by a goiter appearance (growth of the gland itself), systolic blood pressure, heart rate, increased irritability and a decrease in body weight.Hypothyroidism reduces the products of thyroid hormones.The pathologies are accompanied by endothelial dysfunction and damaged relaxation of the smooth muscle cells of the blood vessels, leading to an increase in peripheral resistance of blood vessels.This helps to increase blood pressure.Such patients are characterized by the increase in diastolic blood pressure, the slowdown of the pulse, the weakness and the rapid fatigue.The release of catecholamines (adrenaline, norepinephrine) increases into the blood with feochromocytoma (adrenaline, norepinephrine), leading to very high levels of blood pressure.Arterial hypertension is a common satellite of obesity.Fat tissue cells (adipocytes) produce biologically active substances that affect the whole body and especially the blood vessels.Keep in mind that the "extra" tissue must also be a blood supply, which will result in further load on the cardiovascular system. 
3. Different Heart disease and blood vessels They can lead to high arterial pressure.For example, aorta coarktion is the local narrowing of the aortic lumen, more often congenital pathology;Atherosclerotic narrowing of blood vessels. 
4. Pregnancy (preeclampsia)Or 
5. Arterial hypertension if you take some drugs: Oral contraceptives, anabolic steroids, glucocorticosteroids, antidepressants.

It should be remembered by the factors that contribute to the development of arterial hypertension: hereditary predisposition, prolonged nervous surge, frequent stressful situations, excessive physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption and coffee, high amounts of salt and fatty food.

What diseases occur in arterial hypertension?

The arterial hypertension is divided according to degrees, depending on the maximum values obtained when the pressure was measured.

Let's denote some.

• Atherosclerosis, including kidney arteries. 
• Lasion of kidney blood vessels (thrombosis, embolism, stenosis, compression of kidney blood vessels with tumors or organs). 
• Chronic pyelonephritis. 
• Chronic glomerulonephritis. 
• Chronic kidney disease. 
• Thyroid disease (hypo- and hyperthyroidism). 
• Izenko-Cushing's disease and syndrome. 
• Feochromocytoma. 
• Primary hyperaldosteronism.
• Metabolic syndrome. 
• Coarktation of the aorta. 
• Preeclampsia.

What doctors should you contact with increasing your blood pressure?

In order to identify the causes of increasing pressure, contact the therapist initially.The doctor will examine and prescribe the necessary examinations and consultations for professionals.Among them may be:

• Cardiologist; 
• endocrinologist; 
• neurologist; 
• surgeon; 
• ophthalmologist.

Diagnosis and examination by increasing blood pressure

First and foremost, when maintaining the log, the blood pressure is required at home, where all measurement of pressure on time, taking medicines and stress episodes, which can cause an increase in blood pressure.

In the first phase of the study, the following laboratory tests are prescribed for each patient:

• Clinical blood test;
• General urine analysis;
• Biochemical blood test (cholesterol control; regulation of lipoproteins is very low; and high density for assessing the risk of atherosclerosis, potassium, sodium, chlorine, calcium; creatinine levels; blood glucose levels);
• blood test for glycated hemoglobin levels; 
• Blood testing of hormones (Th4 - T4; triiodothyronine - T3; thyrotropic hormone - TSH; antibodies against thyroid peroxidase; antibodies against thyroid lobulin).

If necessary, the doctor may prescribe a complex of laboratory and instrumental test methods:

• daily monitoring of blood pressure; 
• Electrocardiographic examination; 
• echocardiography; 
• Holter Daily Monitoring; 
• Brachiocephalus duplex scanning, 
• kidney/iliac and lamp arteries; 
• Ultrasound examination of kidneys and adrenal glands; 
• Study of the bottom of the eye.

Treatment of arterial hypertension

Arterial hypertension is a disease whose development depends on many factors, so the first recommendation of high pressure correction is a change in lifestyle.

First of all, they change the diet: they limit the conservation and finished products, sauces and mayonnaise, and gradually reduce the amount of salt added to the food.

The menu must contain more fresh vegetables, fruits and dairy products.Alcohol and smoking should also be restricted.

Diet is used in the presence of excessive body weight and in the absence of contraindications.Regular moderate physical efforts of the day contributes to normalization of the vascular system.

We could not expect a quick effect from diet and physical education.However, at the beginning of the disease, these actions can play a positive role.

Depending on the stage and degree of disease, it is prescribed by medication.In clinical practice, several groups of drugs are used to treat arterial hypertension:

• diuretics (diuretics); 
• beta-blockers; 
• Calcium channel antagonists; 
• angiotensinzinoprodifying enzyme (IAC) inhibitors; 
• Angiotensin II receptor anatagonists; 
• Central drugs.

Depending on the cause of the disease and the course of the disease and the related diseases, your doctor will prescribe individual treatment treatment.The therapy selected by the doctor, the constant use of medicines and the change of lifestyle help normalize blood pressure.

What to do with high pressure?

The pressure should not be reduced rapidly: in the first two hours, when it helps, blood pressure should be reduced by up to 20% of the initial high level.

When the blood pressure increased moderately, but the general well egg is stable (no other symptom), you should try to fall asleep or lie with a closed eye.If the pressure remains high after relaxation, medicines recommended by your doctor should be taken.

If the increase in blood pressure is accompanied by severe headaches, dizziness, shortness of breath, visual impairment, pain, nausea or vomiting, an ambulance should be caused.